In 1988, Erol Torun, a cartographer in
the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency, set out to challenge Hoagland’s claim
that the D&M Pyramid displays complex geometries (Carlotto 1997). No
ordinary pentagon (for example, the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. does not
exhibit these mathematics), Torun discovered rich mathematics which reconciles
the well-known five-sided symmetry of living systems with the six-sided
symmetry of non-living crystals, forces, and underlying physics (Hoagland
1996).It contains the mathematical bases for the hexagon, the pentagon,
and the classic proportions of the
Golden Ratio
(figure 16). The model’s
internal angles, angle ratios, and trigonometric functions redundantly
express sqrt2, sqrt3, and sqrt5 together with the two mathematical constants
pi and e (figure 17) (McDaniel 1994).
![]() Fig. 16 (Carlotto) |
![]() Fig. 17 (Carlotto/Torun) |
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Turon concludes in his analysis that known geological processes such as fluvial and aeolian erosion and deposition, mass wasting, volcanism, and crystal growth not only all “fail to provide a potential mechanism for its formation, but seem to preclude its very existence” (Torun 1989).
Click here for The D&M Pyramid of Mars by Erol Torun